tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-309239782011-04-21T07:06:00.019-12:00Interesting facts and Notes.. A way to explore the life and its purpose in the 'Zen Hindu Brahminism' way...Harshad Joshihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02766836640487969440noreply@blogger.comBlogger71100tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-30923978.post-1158916800697293222006-09-21T21:11:00.000-12:002006-09-21T21:20:01.760-12:00<div style="text-align: center;">Enlightenment is like the moon reflected on the water.<br />The moon does not get wet, nor is the water broken.<br />Although its light is wide and great,<br />The moon is reflected even in a puddle an inch wide.<br />The whole moon and the entire sky<br />Are reflected in one dewdrop on the grass.<br /><br /><br /></div><div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/30923978-115891680069729322?l=opensenses.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>Harshad Joshihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02766836640487969440noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-30923978.post-1155710422076896732006-08-15T18:28:00.000-12:002006-08-17T03:33:29.973-12:00<a href="http://www.answers.com/library/Wikipedia-cid-1962247486"><font></span></a><span class="hw"></span><div><font><font> </span></span></div><font><font><font> </span></span></span><div class="thumb tright"><div style="width: 252px;"><font><font><font><font><a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/bodhidharmayoshitoshi1887-jpg" class="ilnk" target="_top" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));"><img src="http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en/thumb/0/08/250px-BodhidharmaYoshitoshi1887.jpg" alt="Bodhidharma, woodblock print by Yoshitoshi, 1887." height="366" width="250" /></a> </span></span></span></span><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify" style="float: right;"><font><font><font><font><font><a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/bodhidharmayoshitoshi1887-jpg" class="ilnk" target="_top" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));"><img src="http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/style/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="Enlarge" height="11" width="15" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></div><font><font><font><font><font><font><b>Bodhidharma</b>, <a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/woodblock" class="ilnk" target="_top" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));">woodblock</a> print by <a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/yoshitoshi" class="ilnk" target="_top" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));">Yoshitoshi</a>, <a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/1887" class="ilnk" target="_top" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));">1887</a>.</span></span></span></span></span></span></div></div></div><font><font><font><font><font><font><font> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><p><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><b>Bodhidharma</b> (<a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/sanskrit" class="ilnk" target="_top" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));">Sanskrit</a>: बोधिधर्म <a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/chinese-language" class="ilnk" target="_top" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));">Chinese</a> 菩提達摩, <a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/pinyin" class="ilnk" target="_top" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));">pinyin</a> <b>Pútídámó</b> or simply <b>Dámó</b>; <a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/wade-giles" class="ilnk" target="_top" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));">Wade-Giles</a> <b>Tamo</b>; <a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/japanese-language" class="ilnk" target="_top" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));">Japanese</a> ダルマ, <b><a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/daruma-doll" class="ilnk" target="_top" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));">Daruma</a></b>, <a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/vietnamese-language" class="ilnk" target="_top" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));">Vietnamese</a>: <i>Bồ-đề-đạt-ma</i>), also known as the <b><a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/tripitaka" class="ilnk" target="_top" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));">Tripitaka</a> <a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/dharma" class="ilnk" target="_top" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));">Dharma</a> Master</b>, was a legendary <a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/buddhism" class="ilnk" target="_top" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));">Buddhist</a> <a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/monk" class="ilnk" target="_top" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));">monk</a>. Bodhidharma is traditionally held in Shaolin mythology to be the founder of the <a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/chan" class="ilnk" target="_top" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));">Chan</a> school of <a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/buddhism" class="ilnk" target="_top" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));">Buddhism</a> (known in <a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/japan" class="ilnk" target="_top" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));">Japan</a> and the West as <a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/zen" class="ilnk" target="_top" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));">Zen</a>), and the <a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/shaolin" class="ilnk" target="_top" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));">Shaolin</a> school of <a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/chinese-martial-arts" class="ilnk" target="_top" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));">Chinese martial arts</a>. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font> <a name="Biography"></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><h2><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font>Biography</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></h2><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><p><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font>The major sources about Bodhidharma's life conflict with regard to his origins, the chronology of his journey to <span class="brokenlink">China</span>, his death, and other details. One proposed set of birth and death dates is c. <a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/440" class="ilnk" target="_top" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));">440</a>–<a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/528" class="ilnk" target="_top" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));">528</a>; another is c. <a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/470" class="ilnk" target="_top" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));">470</a>–<a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/543" class="ilnk" target="_top" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));">543</a>. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font> <a name="Biographical_details_from_the_Record_of_the_Buddhist_Monasteries_of_Luoyang_.28547.29_by_Yang_Xuanzhi"></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><h3><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font>Biographical details from the <i>Record of the Buddhist Monasteries of Luoyang</i> (547) by Yang Xuanzhi</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></h3><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><p><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font>The earliest historical record of Bodhidharma was compiled in 547 by <a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/yang-xuanzhi" class="ilnk" target="_top" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));">Yang Xuanzhi</a>, the <i><span class="brokenlink">Record of the Buddhist Monasteries of Luoyang</span></i>, in which Yang identifies Bodhidharma as a <a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/persian-people" class="ilnk" target="_top" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));">Persian</a> Central Asian (<a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/wade-giles" class="ilnk" target="_top" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));">Wade-Giles</a>: <i>po-szu kuo hu-jen</i>) (Broughton, 1999, p. 54, p.138). </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><blockquote><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font>At that time there was a monk of the Western Region named Bodhidharma, a Persian Central Asian. He traveled from the wild borderlands to China. Seeing the golden disks [on the pole on top of Yung-ning's <a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/stupa" class="ilnk" target="_top" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));">stupa</a>] reflecting in the sun, the rays of light illuminating the surface of the clouds, the jewel-bells on the stupa blowing in the wind, the echoes reverberating beyond the heavens, Bodhidharma sang its praises. He exclaimed: "Truly this is the work of spirits." He said: "I am 150 years old, and I have passed through numerous countries. There is virtually no country I have not visited. But even in India there is nothing comparable to the pure beauty of this monastery. Even the distant Buddha realms lack this." He chanted homage and placed his palms together in salutation for days on end.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></blockquote><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><p><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font>Yongning was built in 516 and destroyed in 526, dating Bodhidharma's exultation to these years. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font> <a name="Biographical_details_from_the_Biography_of_Bodhidharma_by_Tanlin"></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><h3><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font>Biographical details from the <i>Biography</i> of Bodhidharma by Tanlin</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></h3><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><p><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font>Bodhidharma's disciple <span class="brokenlink">Tanlin</span> identifies his master as <a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/south-india" class="ilnk" target="_top" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));">South Indian</a> (Broughton, 1999, p. 8). </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><blockquote><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font>The Dharma Master was a South Indian of the Western Region. He was the third son of a great Indian King....His ambition lay in the Mahayana path, and so he put aside his white layman's robe for the black robe of a monk....Lamenting the decline of the true teaching in the outlands, he subsequently crossed distant mountains and seas, traveling about propagating the teaching in Han and Wei.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></blockquote><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><p><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font>The <i>Biography</i> is part of the <i><a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/long-scroll-of-the-treatise-on-the-two-entrances-and-four-practices" class="ilnk" target="_top" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));">Long Scroll of the Treatise on the Two Entrances and Four Practices</a></i>, which <a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/daisetz-teitaro-suzuki" class="ilnk" target="_top" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));">Daisetz Teitaro Suzuki</a> found in 1935 by going through the <a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/mogao-caves" class="ilnk" target="_top" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));">Dunhuang</a> collection of the Chinese National Library. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font> <a name="Biographical_details_from_the_Continued_Biographies_of_Eminent_Monks_.28645.29_by_Daoxuan"></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><h3><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font>Biographical details from the <i>Continued Biographies of Eminent Monks</i> (645) by Daoxuan</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></h3><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><p><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font>The entry for Bodhidharma is almost entirely drawn from the first two sections of the <i>Long Scroll</i> (Tanlin's <i>Biography</i> and the <i>Two Entrances</i>, traditionally attributed to Bodhidharma himself), to which <a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/dao-xuan" class="ilnk" target="_top" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));">Daoxuan</a> added the following: </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><dl><dt><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font> Caste background </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></dt><dd><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font> Daoxuan writes that Bodhidharma's father is <a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/brahmin" class="ilnk" target="_top" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));">Brahmin</a>. However, as a king, he is more likely to have been from the <a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/kshatriya" class="ilnk" target="_top" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));">Kshatriya</a> <a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/caste" class="ilnk" target="_top" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));">caste</a> (<a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/varma" class="ilnk" target="_top" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));">Varma</a>). </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></dd><dt><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font> Age </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></dt><dd><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font> Daoxuan takes his figure for Bodhidharma's age from the <i>Record of the Buddhist Monasteries of Luoyang</i>. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></dd><dt><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font> The duration of Daoyu and Huike's service to Bodhidharma </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></dt><dd><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font> Tanlin's original says "several" years. Daoxuan gives a figure of "four or five". </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></dd><dt><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font> The route of Bodhidharma's journey </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></dt><dd><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font> Tanlin's original says only that Bodhidharma "crossed distant mountains and seas" on the way to his ultimate destination, <a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/northern-wei" class="ilnk" target="_top" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));">the northern Chinese kingdom of Wei</a>. In Daoxuan's account, Bodhidharma travels to by sea to <a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/northern-and-southern-china" class="ilnk" target="_top" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));">southern China</a> and then makes his way north, eventually crossing the <a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/chang-jiang" class="ilnk" target="_top" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));">Yangtze River</a>, according to legend, on a reed. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></dd><dt><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font> The date of Bodhidharma's journey </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></dt><dd><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font> Daoxuan says that Bodhidharma makes landfall in <a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/liu-song-dynasty" class="ilnk" target="_top" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));">the southern Chinese kingdom of Song</a>, making his arrival in China no later than that kingdom's fall to <a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/southern-qi" class="ilnk" target="_top" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));">Southern Qi</a> in <a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/font-face-arial-size-3" class="ilnk" target="_top" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));">479</a>. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></dd><dt><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font> Bodhidharma's death </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></dt><dd><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font> Bodhidharma dies at Luo River Beach. His interment by Huike on a bank of the river, possibly in a cave, is unusual because masters of Bodhidharma's reputation typically receive elaborate funerals. According to Daoxuan's chronology, Bodhidharma must have died before 534, when the Northern Wei falls, because Huike leaves Luoyang for Ye at that point. The use of the Luo River Beach as an execution grounds suggests that Bodhidharma may have died in the mass executions at Heyin in 528. A report in <i><span class="brokenlink">Taishou shinshuu daizoukyou</span></i> states that a Buddhist monk was among the victims. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></dd></dl><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><div class="thumb tleft"><div style="width: 182px;"><deadilnk dsname="Wikipedia Images" entry_key="Bodhidarma.jpg"><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><img src="http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en/e/e4/Bodhidarma.jpg" alt="This Japanese scroll calligraphy of Bodhidharma reads “Zen points directly to the human heart, see into your nature and become Buddha”. It was created by Hakuin Ekaku (1685 to 1768)" height="417" width="180" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></deadilnk><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify" style="float: right;"><deadilnk dsname="Wikipedia Images" entry_key="Bodhidarma.jpg"><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><img src="http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/style/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="Enlarge" height="11" width="15" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></deadilnk></div><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font>This Japanese scroll calligraphy of <b>Bodhidharma</b> reads “Zen points directly to the human heart, see into your nature and become <a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/buddha-1" class="ilnk" target="_top" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));">Buddha</a>”. It was created by <a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/hakuin-ekaku" class="ilnk" target="_top" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));">Hakuin Ekaku</a> (<a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/1685" class="ilnk" target="_top" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));">1685</a> to <a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/1768" class="ilnk" target="_top" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));">1768</a>)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div></div></div><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font> <a name="Biographical_details_from_the_Anthology_of_the_Patriarchal_Hall_.28952.29"></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><h3><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font>Biographical details from the <i>Anthology of the Patriarchal Hall</i> (952)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></h3><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><p><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font>The version of the Bodhidharma legend found in the <i><span class="brokenlink">Anthology of the Patriarchal Hall</span></i> follows Daoxuan but is distinguished by the following: </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><ul><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><li> Bodhidharma's master Prajnatara, 27th Chan Patriach </li><li> Bodhidharma's birth name Bodhitara </li><li> Bodhidharma makes landfall not during the <a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/liu-song-dynasty" class="ilnk" target="_top" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));">Song period</a> of southern China but in 527 during the <a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/liang-dynasty" class="ilnk" target="_top" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));">Liang Dynasty</a>. According to the <i>Anthology</i>, Bodhidharma's voyage from India to China took three years. </li><li> Before crossing the Yangtze River en route to Wei, Bodhidharma visits the Liang court in present-day <a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/nanjing" class="ilnk" target="_top" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));">Nanjing</a>, but leaves soon after his uncompromising doctrines end up offending <a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/emperor-wu-of-liang-china" class="ilnk" target="_top" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));">Emperor Wu</a>. </li><li> Bodhidharma dies at the age of 150 and is buried on Mount Xiong'er to the west of Luoyang. Three years later in the <a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/pamir-mountains" class="ilnk" target="_top" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));">Pamir Mountains</a>, Songyun, an envoy of one of the later Wei kingdoms, encounters Bodhidharma, who is on his way back <a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/west" class="ilnk" target="_top" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));">West</a>. Bodhidharma, carrying a single sandal, predicts that Songyun's ruler has died, which is borne out upon Songyun's return. Bodhidharma's tomb is opened and only a single sandal is found inside. The nine years of meditation after his departure from the Liang court in 527 mean that Bodhidharma's death can take place no earlier than 536, but his encounter with the Wei diplomat mean that his death can take place no later than 554, three years before the fall of the <a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/western-wei" class="ilnk" target="_top" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));">last Wei kingdom</a>. </li></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></ul><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font> <a name="Spiritual_approach"></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><h2><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font>Spiritual approach</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></h2><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><div class="thumb tright"><div style="width: 222px;"><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/centralasianbuddhistmonks-jpg" class="ilnk" target="_top" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));"><img src="http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en/thumb/8/8e/220px-CentralAsianBuddhistMonks.JPG" alt="Blue-eyed Central Asian Buddhist monk, possibly Bodhidharma, forming the &quot;Vitarka&quot; mudra (Symbol of teaching/ discussion of the dharma), in the direction of a disciple East-Asian monk. Eastern Tarim Basin, China, 9th-10th century." height="277" width="220" /></a> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify" style="float: right;"><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/centralasianbuddhistmonks-jpg" class="ilnk" target="_top" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));"><img src="http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/style/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="Enlarge" height="11" width="15" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font>Blue-eyed Central Asian Buddhist monk, possibly Bodhidharma, forming the "Vitarka" <a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/mudra" class="ilnk" target="_top" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));">mudra</a> (Symbol of teaching/ discussion of the <a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/dharma" class="ilnk" target="_top" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));">dharma</a>), in the direction of a disciple East-Asian monk. Eastern <a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/tarim-basin" class="ilnk" target="_top" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));">Tarim Basin</a>, China, 9th-10th century.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div></div></div><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><p><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font>Tradition holds that Bodhidharma's chosen sutra was the <a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/lankavatara-sutra" class="ilnk" target="_top" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));">Lankavatara Sutra</a>, a development of the <a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/yogacara" class="ilnk" target="_top" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));">Yogacara</a> or "Mind-only" school of Buddhism established by the <a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/gandhara" class="ilnk" target="_top" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));">Gandharan</a> half-brothers <a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/asanga" class="ilnk" target="_top" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));">Asanga</a> and <a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/vasubandhu" class="ilnk" target="_top" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));">Vasubandhu</a>. He is described as a "master of the Lankavatara Sutra", and an early history of Zen in China is titled "Record of the Masters and Disciples of the Lankavatara Sutra" (Chin. Leng-ch'ieh shih-tzu chi). It is also sometimes said that Bodhidharma himself was the one who brought the Lankavatara to Chinese Buddhism. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font>Bodhidharma's approach tended to reject devotional rituals, doctrinal debates and verbal formalizations, in favour of an intuitive grasp of the "Buddha mind" within everyone, through <a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/meditation" class="ilnk" target="_top" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));">meditation</a>. In contrast with other Buddhist schools such as <a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/pure-land-buddhism" class="ilnk" target="_top" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));">Pure Land</a>, Bodhidarma emphasized personal <a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/buddhahood" class="ilnk" target="_top" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));">enlightenment</a>, rather than the promise of <a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/heaven" class="ilnk" target="_top" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));">heaven</a>. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font>Bodhidharma also considered spiritual, intellectual and physical excellence as an indivisible whole necessary for enlightenment. Bodhidharma's mind-and-body approach to enlightenment ultimately proved highly attractive to the <a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/samurai" class="ilnk" target="_top" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));">Samurai</a> class in Japan, who made <a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/zen" class="ilnk" target="_top" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));">Zen</a> their way of life, following their encounter with the martial-arts-oriented Zen <a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/rinzai-school" class="ilnk" target="_top" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));">Rinzai School</a> introduced to Japan by <a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/eisai" class="ilnk" target="_top" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));">Eisai</a> in the <a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/12th-century" class="ilnk" target="_top" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));">12th century</a>. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font>According to legend, he developed two exercise regimens for the monks of the Shaolin Monastery—the “Yi Jin Jing” (Muscle Change Classic) and the “Xi Sui Jing” (Marrow Washing Classic)—which supposedly became the basis of the <a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/shaolin-kung-fu-1" class="ilnk" target="_top" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));">Shaolin style</a> of <a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/chinese-martial-arts" class="ilnk" target="_top" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));">Kung Fu</a> and subsequently an important influence on the <a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/martial-art" class="ilnk" target="_top" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));">martial arts</a> of <a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/east-asia" class="ilnk" target="_top" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));">East Asia</a> in general. However, it is difficult to determine the veracity of the Shaolin legend. The <i><span class="brokenlink">Extensive Records of the Taiping Era</span></i> record that, prior to Bodhidharma's arrival in China, monks practiced wrestling for recreation. Shaolin monastery records state that two of its very first monks, Hui Guang and Seng Chou, were expert in the martial arts years before the arrival of Bodhidharma. The exercises attributed to Bodhidharma are consistent with Chinese <a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/qigong" class="ilnk" target="_top" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));">qigong</a> exercises and look little like Indian forms of bodywork like <a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/yoga" class="ilnk" target="_top" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));">yoga</a>. Scholarship by Chinese martial arts historians has demonstrated that the <a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/yijinjing" class="ilnk" target="_top" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));">Yijin jing</a> and Xisuijing are most likely Ming dynasty (1368-1644) texts due to the presence of technical terminology from the Daoist "inner alchemy" <a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/neidan" class="ilnk" target="_top" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));">neidan</a> tradition which reached its maturity in the Song. This argument is summarized by modern historian Lin Boyuan in his <i>Zhongguo wushu shi</i> as follows: </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><blockquote><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font>As for the “Yi Jin Jing” (Muscle Change Classic), a spurious text attributed to Bodhidharma and included in the legend of his transmitting martial arts at the temple, it was writtin in the Ming dynasty, in 1624 CE, by the Daoist priest Zining of Mt. Tiantai, and falsely attributed to Bodhidharma. Forged prefaces, attributed to the Tang general Li Jing and the Southern Song general Niu Hao were written. They say that, after Bodhidharma faced the wall for nine years at Shaolin temple, he left behind an iron chest; when the monks opened this chest they found the two books “Xi Sui Jing” (Marrow Washing Classic) and “Yi Jin Jing” within. The first book was taken by his disciple Huike, and disappeared; as for the second, “the monks selfishly coveted it, practicing the skills therein, falling into heterodox ways, and losing the correct purpose of cultivating the Real. The Shaolin monks have made some fame for themselves through their fighting skill; this is all due to having obtained this manuscript.” Based on this, Bodhidharma was claimed to be the ancestor of Shaolin martial arts. This manuscript is full of errors, absurdities and fantastic claims; it cannot be taken as a legitimate source. (Lin Boyuan, <i>Zhongguo wushu shi</i>, Wuzhou chubanshe, p. 183)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></blockquote><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><p><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font>While early legends associate Bodhidharma with Mt. Song, where the Shaolin temple is located, it is not until the 11th century that we see the appearance of a hagiographical record (in the "Jingde Record of the Transmission of the Lamp," <i>Jingde chuandeng lu</i>) explicitly associating Bodhidharma with the Shaolin temple. No mention of Bodhidharma is found in any of the many stele inscriptions preserved at the Shaolin temple from the Tang dynasty. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font>Legend also associates Bodhidharma with the use of <a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/tea-1" class="ilnk" target="_top" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));">tea</a> to maintain wakefulness in meditation (the origin of <a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/japanese-tea-ceremony" class="ilnk" target="_top" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));">Chado</a>), and favoured <a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/paradox-1" class="ilnk" target="_top" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));">paradoxes</a>, <a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/conundrum" class="ilnk" target="_top" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));">conundrums</a> and provocation as a way to break intellectual rigidity (a method which led to the development of <a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/koan" class="ilnk" target="_top" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));">koan</a>). </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font> <a name="Portrayals_of_Bodhidharma"></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><h2><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font>Portrayals of Bodhidharma</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></h2><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><p><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font>Throughout <a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/buddhist-art" class="ilnk" target="_top" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));">Buddhist art</a>, Bodhidharma is depicted as a rather ill-tempered, profusely bearded and wide-eyed barbarian. He is described as "The Blue-Eyed <a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/barbarian" class="ilnk" target="_top" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));">Barbarian</a>" 藍眼睛的野人 (lán yǎnjīngde yěrén) in Chinese texts. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font>Chan texts also present Bodhidharma as the 28th Chan Patriarch, in an uninterrupted line starting with the <a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/buddha" class="ilnk" target="_top" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));">Buddha</a>, through direct and non-verbal transmission. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font> <a name="Legends"></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><h2><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font>Legends</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></h2><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font> <a name="Encounter_with_Emperor_Liang"></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><h3><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font>Encounter with Emperor Liang</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></h3><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><p><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font>According to tradition, around <a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/520" class="ilnk" target="_top" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));">520</a>, during the period of the Southern Dynasties, <strong class="selflink">Bodhidharma</strong>, the first <a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/zen" class="ilnk" target="_top" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));">Zen</a> patriarch of China according to legend, came to visit Emperor Wu in hopes of converting him. Fortunately, the emperor was already Buddhist, so there was no need to do so. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font>The Emperor started to talk about his building of temples and giving financial support to monastics. He then asked Bodhidharma how much merit he accumulated in the process. Emperor Wu felt that the patriach might not know about of the good deeds that he made, so he pointed them out to Bodhidharma. The patriarch felt that Emperor Wu was providing his own promotion campaign rather than seeking the Dharma to end birth and death; instead, he wanted to boast of his own merit and virtue. Thinking that the emperor might have been drunk on his own ego, Bodhidharma replied, "Actually, you have no merit and virtue. In truth, no merit and virtue at all." </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font>Perplexed, the Emperor then asked, "Well, what is the fundamental teaching of Buddhism?" The bewildering reply was "vast emptiness." </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font>"Listen," said the Emperor, now losing all patience, "just who do you think you are?" Bodhidharma replied, "I have no idea." </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font>Bodhidharma originally went to Emperor Wu with the idea of saving him. However, he was too conceited; he had too high an opinion of himself. Being an emperor was already something, he thought. He had built many temples, enabled people to leave home, given away a lot of money, and made a lot of offerings to the <a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/three-jewels" class="ilnk" target="_top" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));">Triple Gem</a>. So, he thought that he had created a tremendous amount of merit and virtue. Bodhidharma, wanting to shatter the emperor's attachment, replied that he had no merit and virtue at all. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font> <a name="Receiving_Retribution"></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><h4><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font>Receiving Retribution</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></h4><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><p><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font>From then on, the emperor refused to listen to whatever Bodhidharma had to say. Although Bodhidharma came from <a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/india" class="ilnk" target="_top" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));">India</a> to China to become the first patriarch of China, the emperor refused to recognize him. Since he refused to believe in what Bodhidharma told him, he practically missed his chance to come face to face with someone who was important to Buddhism. Bodhidharma knew that he would face difficulty in the near future, but had the emperor been able to leave the throne and yield it to someone else, he could have avoided his fate of starving to death. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font>According to the teaching, Emperor Wu's past life was as a <a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/bhikkhu" class="ilnk" target="_top" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));">bhikshu</a>. While he cultivated in the mountains, a monkey would always steal and eat the things he planted for food, as well as the fruit in the trees. One day, he was able to trap the monkey in a cave and blocked the entrance of the cave with rocks, hoping to teach the monkey a lesson. However, after two days, the bhikshu found that the monkey had died of starvation. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font>Supposedly, that monkey was reincarnated into <span class="brokenlink">Hou Jing</span> of the <a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/northern-wei" class="ilnk" target="_top" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));">Northern Wei Dynasty</a>, who led his soldiers to attack Nanjing. After Nanjing was taken, the emperor was held in captivity in the palace and was not provided with any food, and was left to starve to death. Though Bodhidharma wanted to save him and brought forth a compassionate mind toward him, the emperor failed to recognize him, so there was nothing Bodhidharma could do. Thus, Bodhidharma had no choice but to leave Emperor Wu to die and went into meditation in a cave for nine years. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font> <a name="Nine_years_of_gazing_at_a_wall"></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><h3><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font>Nine years of gazing at a wall</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></h3><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><p><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font>Bodhidharma traveled to northern China, to the recently constructed <a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/shaolin" class="ilnk" target="_top" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));">Shaolin</a> Monastery, where the monks refused him admission. Bodhidharma sat meditating facing a wall for the next 9 years, boring holes into it with his stare. Having earned the monks' respect, Bodhidharma was finally permitted to enter the monastery. There, he found the monks so out of shape from lives spent hunched over scrolls that he introduced a regimen of exercises which later became the foundation of <a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/shaolin-kung-fu-1" class="ilnk" target="_top" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));">Shaolin kung fu</a>, from which many schools of <a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/chinese-martial-arts" class="ilnk" target="_top" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));">Chinese martial art</a> claim descent. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font>Historically, it is unlikely that Bodhidharma invented <a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/chinese-martial-arts" class="ilnk" target="_top" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));">kung fu</a>. There are martial arts manuals that date back to at least the <a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/han-dynasty-1" class="ilnk" target="_top" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));">Han Dynasty</a> (<a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/202-bc" class="ilnk" target="_top" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));">202 BCE</a>–<a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/220" class="ilnk" target="_top" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));">220</a> CE), predating both Bodhidharma and the Shaolin Temple. The codification of the martial arts by monks most likely began with military personnel who retired to monasteries or sought <a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/sanctuary" class="ilnk" target="_top" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));">sanctuary</a> there. Within the refuge of the monastery, unlike on an unforgiving battlefield, such individuals could, confident in their safety, exchange expertise and perfect their techniques. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font> <a name="Bringing_tea_to_China"></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><h3><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font>Bringing tea to China</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></h3><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><p><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font>Japanese legends credit Bodhidharma with bringing <a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/tea-1" class="ilnk" target="_top" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));">tea</a> to China. Supposedly, he cut off his eyelids while meditating, to keep from falling asleep. Tea bushes sprung from the spot where his eyelids hit the ground. It is said that this is the reason for tea being so important for meditation and why it helps the meditator to not fall asleep. This legend is unlikely as tea use in China predates Chan Buddhism in China. According to Chinese mythology, in 2737 BC the Chinese Emperor, Shennong, scholar and herbalist, was sitting beneath a tree while his servant boiled drinking water. A leaf from the tree dropped into the water and Shennong decided to try the brew. The tree was a wild tea tree. There is an early mention of tea being prepared by servants in a Chinese text of 50 B.C. The first detailed description of tea-drinking is found in an ancient Chinese dictionary, noted by Kuo P'o in A.D. 350. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font> <a name="Daruma_dolls"></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><p><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font>It is also wrongly reported that after years of meditation, Bodhidharma lost the use of his legs. This legend is still alive in Japan, where legless <a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/daruma-doll" class="ilnk" target="_top" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));">Daruma</a> dolls represent Bodhidharma, and are used to make wishes. The speciality of these dolls is that they never fall on the ground, but bounce back to standing position when pushed..Actually, the Daruma Doll is used to teach Japanese children to bounce back hard at any difficult situations in life.</font><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font> <a name="Bodhidharma_and_Huike"></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><h3><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font>Bodhidharma and Huike</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></h3><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><p><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font>Bodhidharma was the first Zen <a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/patriarch" class="ilnk" target="_top" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));">patriarch</a> of China. All later Chinese and Japanese Zen masters trace their master-disciple lineage to him. <a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/huike" class="ilnk" target="_top" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));">Huike</a>, who was to become the second patriach, was first ignored when he tried to approach him, and left outside in the snow, until he cut his own arm and offered it to the Master. (This is supposedly the origin of the famous 'one hand salute' of the monks who came after him). Bodhidharma later transmitted to him the insignia of the patriarchs: the robe, the Buddha's begging bowl, and a copy of the Lankavatara Sutra. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font>The legend of Huike's self-dismemberment is likely apocryphal. According to Daoxuan, wandering bandits cut off Huike's arm. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font> <a name="The_lineage_of_Bodhidharma_and_his_disciples"></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><h2><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font>The lineage of Bodhidharma and his disciples</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></h2><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><p><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font>Although Bodhidharma is commonly said to have had two primary disciples (the monks Daoyu and Huike), a common voice in the "Records" of the <i>Long Scroll</i> is that of a Yuan, possibly identified with the nun Dharani who was said to have received Bodhidharma's flesh — his bones having been received by Daoyu, and his marrow received by Huike. A list of Bodhidharma's early students follows. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><ul><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><li> Bodhidharma <ul><li> <span class="brokenlink">Daoyu</span> </li><li> <a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/yuan-1" class="ilnk" target="_top" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));">Yuan</a> (<span class="brokenlink">Yuan-chi</span>?) <ul><li> <span class="brokenlink">Tao-chih</span> </li></ul> </li><li> <a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/huike" class="ilnk" target="_top" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));">Huike</a> <ul><li> <a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/huineng" class="ilnk" target="_top" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));">Huineng</a> </li><li> <span class="brokenlink">Layman Hsiang</span> </li><li> <span class="brokenlink">Hua-kung</span> </li><li> <span class="brokenlink">Yen-kung</span> </li><li> <span class="brokenlink">Tanlin</span> </li><li> <span class="brokenlink">Dhyana Master Na</span> </li><li> <span class="brokenlink">Dhyana Master Ho</span> <ul><li> <span class="brokenlink">Hsuan-ching</span> <ul><li> <span class="brokenlink">Hsuan-chueh</span> </li></ul> </li><li> <span class="brokenlink">Ching-ai</span> <ul><li> <span class="brokenlink">T'an-yen</span> </li><li> <span class="brokenlink">Tao-an</span> </li><li> <span class="brokenlink">Tao-p'an</span> </li><li> <span class="brokenlink">Chih-tsang</span> </li><li> <span class="brokenlink">Seng-chao</span> </li><li> <span class="brokenlink">P'u-an</span> <ul><li> <span class="brokenlink">Ching-yuan</span> </li></ul> </li></ul> </li></ul> </li></ul> </li></ul> </li></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></ul><div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/30923978-115571042207689673?l=opensenses.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>Harshad Joshihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02766836640487969440noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-30923978.post-1155396018017898502006-08-12T03:16:00.000-12:002006-08-12T03:22:00.030-12:00अि॒ग्नम्ई॑ळेपुरो॒िह॑तंयज्ञ॒स्य॑देव॒म्ऋि॒त्वज॑म्।होता॑रंरत्नधा॒त॑मम्॥<br /><br />经言. .<br />还听取了::<br />光明璀璨的新纤、 来自喜马拉雅山的银浪. 引导人, revalations等待. . 经言. 仍闻. . ::::烈火烈火 金刚经>的烈火.<br />燃烧邪恶欲望,<br />这些看不见的危险,现在已经褪色的道路. .<br />这些部族保护迈向新纪元. .<br />听到古老的声音. .<br />仍幻想.<br />男子制造. .<br />男人摧毁.<br />最后真相. .<br />仍是未知之数. .<br />经言. .<br />还听取了::<br /><br />来自-禅教印度教Brahminism<br /><br />Agneya最早出现在我国的圣歌博客 Agneya2.blogspot.com<br /><br />AgneyaRaksheetam,AgneyaPujeetam<div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/30923978-115539601801789850?l=opensenses.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>Harshad Joshihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02766836640487969440noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-30923978.post-1154851160569137802006-08-05T19:44:00.000-12:002006-10-21T22:30:58.800-12:00<div style="text-align: center;"> <font> ॐ भूर्भुवस्वः ।<br /><font> तत् सवितुर्वरेण्यं ।<br /><font> भर्गो देवस्य धीमहि ।<br /><font> धियो यो नः प्रचोदयात् ॥<br /></span></span></span></span></div></font></font></font></font>The Gayatri Mantra is the most revered mantra in Hinduism. It consists of the prefix :oṃ bhūr bhuvaḥ svaḥ ॐ भूर्भुवस्वः, a formula taken from the Yajurveda, and the verse 3.62.10 of the Rigveda (which is an example of the Gayatri meter). Since all the other three Vedas contain much material rearranged from the Rig Veda, the Gayatri mantra is found in all the four Vedas. The deva invoked in this mantra is Savitar, and hence the mantra is also called Sāvitrī.<br /><br /><br />Ever wondered what is the significance or importance of Mantra. or the sacred ancient vedic hymns?? Were they like 'keys' that would unlock the sacred pathway leading to a world beyond the unseen? Lets try to get some answers using scientific and ancient wisdom -<br /><br />There are all kinds of frequencies and vibrations all around us. There are frequencies we see (such as light waves), hear (sound waves), or feel, and others that are beyond our ability to sense, such as gamma rays, infrared, or radio and television frequencies. In fact, the ancient Vedic texts of India explain, in summary, that this whole universe is the production or manifestation from particular vibrations that cause a change from the spiritual energy into the material energy. And all these frequencies effect us in many ways. For example, we may hear music that can be soothing and peaceful, or that is abrasive and irritating. Or there may be frequencies that we have to deal with on a more regular basis, like the noise we hear when working in a factory, or the sounds of downtown traffic.<br /><br />Walk through a factory. The noise and vibrational level of the frequencies that you hear and feel are not attractive. In fact, they may be damaging to your hearing and necessitate the need for wearing ear plugs. Being around that kind of noise, which are lower vibrations of themselves, can make you restless or agitated in due time, tend to pull your consciousness down in a way that makes you think in very basic terms. They can make your mind become absorbed in the lower modes of thinking, like simply desiring to satisfy your senses, wanting to go to the bar after work to drown your thoughts, or thinking of whatever will give you the easiest thrill. In other words, exposure to low vibrations tends to produce low consciousness simply by your exposure to them. Let's explain this a little more.<br /><br />The science of vibrations and frequencies and how they effect people is something that has been around for thousands of years. We can still find evidence of this in the ancient Vedic texts of India. These explain not only the results of using the frequencies of words and mantras, but also supply instructions in some cases. The sages of ancient India used it to produce various results in the rituals they performed, and from the mantras they would recite. If the mantras were recited in particular ways, certain amazing results would take place, including changing the weather, producing certain types of living beings, or even palaces. Others used it to produce weapons, like the brahmashtra weapon, which was equal to the modern nuclear bombs. Specific mantras could be attached to arrows, with the sound causing powerful explosions when the arrow reached its target. Others used the science of vibrations to bring their consciousness to higher levels of perception, or to enter spiritual reality.<br /><br />We can see the results of exposure to certain frequencies in other ways as well. Even now there has been research that has provided discoveries on the use of frequencies. They have worked with plants, exposing them to various kinds of music. Plants would thrive when exposed to classical music, while they would languish or wither when around heavy rock music. However, considering the nature of the mostly unenlightened society in which we live, some of these discoveries have not been for the benefit of the world and are quite scary to think of the results that may happen.<br /><br />There has been proved to be a psycho-physiological sensitivity in animals and humans to magnetic and electrical fields in extremely low frequencies (ELF) corresponding to brain waves. These ELF, which can penetrate anything, have made it possible for the military to have a world-wide communication system with its submarines, which can be situated in any part of the world.<br /><br />Man is a bio-cosmic transducer, a transmitter and receiver as well, and that somehow our brain waves can lock on and modulate with the earth's electromagnetic field, the Universal Magnetic Field (UMF), as Tesla called it. Research has shown that altering these electro magnetic fields can influence the brain waves of cats and monkeys. Humans are also affected.<br /><br />Anything above eleven hertz produces a general range of agitation and discontent. High voltage power lines throw off 50 to 60 hertz, and there's been concern about what they can do to people who live near them. Some feel that such lines, or even the use of such items as electric blankets, can cause cancer because of the unnatural magnetic field to which the body is exposed. Researchers have concluded that humans are electrical people. For example, our hearts can start or stop due to appropriate electrical impulses. The use of pacemakers is an example of helping maintain a steady heartbeat. Thus, electro magnetic radiation could be the most harmful pollutant in our society. There is strong evidence that cancer and other diseases can be triggered by electromagnetic waves.<br /><br />There are machines that use frequencies for beneficial use. There is a medical device called a Multiple Wave Oscillator, first developed by a French researcher and improved by solid state electronics. It used a miniature Tesla system consisting of two copper coils. When activated, a magnetic field is generated between the two coils and the frequencies can be adjusted for the electricity that flowed from one coil to the other. The result is multiple waves of inherently good frequencies to help heal various parts of the body. Sore knees or torn muscles can be placed inside the magnetic fields for a few minutes at a time, helping it to heal much faster than with conventional methods.<br /><br />Researchers have found that frequencies under seven hertz create a general feeling of relaxation and well being, known as the alpha state. The most beneficial frequency on earth is said to be the 6.8 hertz frequency. Interestingly, the Pyramid at Giza has a constant frequency of 6.8 hertz running through it. Although researchers have studied it, they don't know where it comes from or why in such an ancient structure. The Nadha Brahmam "Ohm" or "ॐ" or in Modern terminology Schumman resonance has a close significance Aum corresponds to the strongest of the schuman resonance among all other bio magnetic fields. We can relate the seven different chakras in body to these sounds and also with Schumann Resonances of earth, ie, 7.83, 14, 20, 26, 33, 39 and 45 Hertz of earth. We all know 7.83 hz being the strongest of all.<br /><br />ॐ - 7.83Hz<br />Gam - 14hz<br />Hleem - 20Hz<br />Hreem - 26Hz<br />Kleem - 33Hz<br />Krowm - 39Hz<br />Sreem - 45Hz<br /><br />This points to the idea that the ancients knew the importance of frequencies and how to use them in order to provide an atmosphere for attaining a peaceful state of mind for entering higher states of consciousness and perception of spiritual reality. The use of yoga has utilized this principle for as long as it had been known--many hundreds of years. Concentrating on the steady breathing, as in hatha-yoga, is a means of leveling and harmonizing the electrical impulses of the body and the beating of the heart. Invoking the alpha state by a natural means allows one to also reach a vibrational state in which the consciousness can enter higher levels of being and perception. The body is not only conducting the more balanced frequencies, but it begins to generate them as well. It is as if the body and mind are creating its own atmosphere in which it can further its more spiritual development, with or without the proper atmosphere around it. Building structures, like the pyramids and pyramid-like temples, which are common in such places as India and Central America, may provide the assistance for doing that, along with the physical exercises of yoga and the use of prayers, mantras, or rituals. By implementing such things on a regular basis in one's life, it would increase one's peaceful existence, bring about a higher state of consciousness, and insights into a level of reality beyond ordinary sense perception. In other words, it would naturally take one closer to the Truth of our existence. It would, as Tesla was hoping, bring the peace that would come from a natural consequence of universal enlightenment<br /><br />A key point in this regard is the ancient use of mantras, as already mentioned earlier. Not only could certain results be attained by the proper use of vibrations in sounds, but even today the use of particular mantras are known for calming the mind, lowering blood pressure, relieving one from unnecessary anxieties by changing one's focus in life, and so on. It is also understood that certain mantras and prayers, such as the chanting of the spiritual names of God, bring to one the transcendental vibration of the spiritual world from where it comes. This means it is like a conductor, bringing the spiritual energy and frequencies that come from the transcendental strata.<br /><br />Thus, by absorbing one's consciousness in the sound vibration of these names of God, it will do several things, such as alter and improve the electrical impulses that are generated by the body, and help defend oneself from the negative impulses that one may encounter. In this way, it helps create a peaceful attitude within the individual and a healthier disposition. It also prepares one's consciousness for perceiving higher levels of reality, opens one up to the spiritual world, gradually reveals one's true spiritual identity, which would also allow one to see the unity between all people. It also harmonizes one's existence with nature, and even begins to rekindle one's real relationship with the Supreme Soul, God. Once the higher vibration of the spiritual realm is invoked on a regular basis in this way, and is opened for its use among the people in general, the chances for world change become enormous.<br /><br />Naturally, this may not happen immediately. One needs to be able to concentrate on those spiritual sounds appropriately. This means to rid oneself of the clutter in one's mind. Only by purely focusing on the sound of the holy names can one truly feel its power, and open its potential. This is why there is a need for living a simple and honest life, and developing sincerity and devotion. It makes such a difference in being able to focus on the chanting of these spiritual prayers and mantras with feeling. Then one gives up that clutter which gets in the way of truly hearing the sounds and allows them to have a deep affect on one's life. That is when the deep changes and insights can begin to take place. When the general masses of people begin to participate in this process, that is when the collective vibrations around the world can begin to bring social changes that will help lead all people to a higher and more peaceful state of being. The general frequencies that we generate and receive will then naturally be of a harmonious and spiritual nature.</span></span></span></span><div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/30923978-115485116056913780?l=opensenses.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>Harshad Joshihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02766836640487969440noreply@blogger.com12tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-30923978.post-1154667117923551202006-08-03T16:50:00.000-12:002006-08-05T20:06:14.573-12:00<p align="left">Many researchers into the UFO enigma tend to overlook a very important fact. While it assumed that most flying saucers are of alien, or perhaps Governmental Military origin, another possible origin of UFOs is ancient India and Atlantis.</p> <p>What we know about ancient Indian flying vehicles comes from ancient Indian sources; written texts that have come down to us through the centuries. There is no doubt that most of these texts are authentic; many are the well known ancient Indian Epics themselves, and there are literally hundreds of them. Most of them have not even been translated into English yet from the old Sanskrit.</p> <p>The Indian Emperor Ashoka started a "Secret Society of the Nine Unknown Men": great Indian scientists who were supposed to catalogue the many sciences. Ashoka kept their work secret because he was afraid that the advanced science catalogued by these men, culled from ancient Indian sources, would be used for the evil purpose of war, which Ashoka was strongly against, having been converted to Buddhism after defeating a rival army in a bloody battle.</p> <p>The "Nine Unknown Men" wrote a total of nine books, presumably one each. Book number was "The Secrets of Gravitation!" This book, known to historians, but not actually seen by them dealt chiefly with "gravity control." It is presumably still around somewhere, kept in a secret library in India, Tibet or elsewhere (perhaps even in North America somewhere). One can certainly understand Ashoka's reasoning for wanting to keep such knowledge a secret, assuming it exists. if the Nazis had such weapons at their disposal during World War Ii. Ashoka was also aware devastating wars using such advanced vehicles and other "futuristic weapons" that had destroyed the ancient Indian "Rama Empire" several thousand years before.</p> <p>Only a few years ago, the Chinese discovered some Sanskrit documents in Lhasa, Tibet and sent them to the University of Chandrigarh to be translated. Dr. Ruth Reyna of the University said recently that the documents contain directions for building interstellar spaceships!</p> <p>Their method of propulsion, she said, was "anti-gravitational" and was based upon a system analogous to that of "laghima," the unknown power of the ego existing in man's physiological makeup, "a centrifugal force strong enough to counteract all gravitational pull." According to Hindu Yogis, it is this "laghima" which enables a person to levitate.</p> <p>Dr. Reyna said that on board these machines, which were called "Astras" by the text, the ancient Indians could have sent a detachment of men onto any planet, according to the document, which is thought to be thousands of years old. The manuscripts were also said to reveal the secret of "antima"; "the cap of invisibility" and "garima"; "how to become as heavy as a mountain of lead."</p> <p>Naturally, Indian scientists did not take the texts very seriously, but then became more positive about the value of them when the Chinese announced that they were including certain parts of the data for study in their space program! This was one of the first instances of a government admitting to be researching anti-gravity.</p> <p>The manuscripts did not say definitely that interplanetary travel was ever made but did mention, of all things, a planned trip to the Moon, though it is not clear whether this trip was actually carried out. However, one of the great Indian epics, the Ramayana, does have a highly detailed story in it of a trip to the moon in a Vimana (or "Astra"), and in fact details a battle on the moon with an "Asvin" (or Atlantean" airship.</p> <p>This is but a small bit of recent evidence of anti-gravity and aerospace technology used by Indians. To really understand the technology, we must go much further back in time.</p> <p>The so-called "Rama Empire" of Northern India and Pakistan developed at least fifteen thousand years ago on the Indian sub-continent and was a nation of many large, sophisticated cities, many of which are still to be found in the deserts of Pakistan, northern, and western India. Rama existed, apparently, parallel to the Atlantean civilization in the mid-Atlantic Ocean, and was ruled by "enlightened Priest-Kings" who governed the cities, The seven greatest capital cities of Rama were known in classical Hindu texts as "The Seven Rishi Cities."</p> <p>According to ancient Indian texts, the people had flying machines which were called "Vimanas." The ancient Indian epic describes a Vimana as a double-deck, circular aircraft with portholes and a dome, much as we would imagine a flying saucer.</p> <p>It flew with the "speed of the wind" and gave forth a "melodious sound." There were at least four different types of Vimanas; some saucer shaped, others like long cylinders ("cigar shaped airships"). The ancient Indian texts on Vimanas are so numerous, it would take volumes to relate what they had to say. The ancient Indians, who manufactured these ships themselves, wrote entire flight manuals on the control of the various types of Vimanas, many of which are still in existence, and some have even been translated into English.</p> <p>The Samara Sutradhara is a scientific treatise dealing with every possible angle of air travel in a Vimana. There are 230 stanzas dealing with the construction, take-off, cruising for thousand of miles, normal and forced landings, and even possible collisions with birds. In 1875, the Vaimanika Sastra, a fourth century B.C. text written by Bharadvajy the Wise, using even older texts as his source, was rediscovered in a temple in India. It dealt with the operation of Vimanas and included information on the steering, precautions for long flights, protection of the airships from storms and lightening and how to switch the drive to "solar energy" from a free energy source which sounds like "anti-gravity."</p> <p>The Vaimanika Sastra (or Vymaanika-Shaastra) has eight chapters with diagrams, describing three types of aircraft, including apparatuses that could neither catch on fire nor break. It also mentions 31 essential parts of these vehicles and 16 materials from which they are constructed, which absorb light and heat; for which reason they were considered suitable for the construction of Vimanas. This document has been translated into English and is available by writing the publisher: VYMAANIDASHAASTRA AERONAUTICS by Maharishi Bharadwaaja, translated into English and edited, printed and published by Mr. G. R. Josyer, Mysore, India, 1979 (sorry, no street address). Mr. Josyer is the director of the International Academy of Sanskrit Investigation located in Mysore.</p> <p align="center"><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;" ><a href="http://www.atributetohinduism.com/Vimanas.htm" target="_blank"><img style="width: 280px; height: 209px;" src="http://www.world-mysteries.com/sar_7tvim.jpg" align="middle" border="1" hspace="12" vspace="12" /></a></span></p> <p align="center"><i><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;" >Click on the picture to visit </span><a href="http://www.atributetohinduism.com/Vimanas.htm" target="_blank">A Tribute to Hinduism - Vimanas</a></i></p> <p>There seems to be no doubt that Vimanas were powered by some sort of "anti-gravity." Vimanas took off vertically, and were capable of hovering in the sky, like a modern helicopter or dirigible. Bharadvajy the Wise refers to no less than 70 authorities and 10 experts of air travel in antiquity. These sources are now lost.</p> <p>Vimanas were kept in a Vimana Griha, a kind of hanger, and were sometimes said to be propelled by a yellowish-white liquid, and sometimes by some sort of mercury compound, though writers seem confused in this matter. It is most likely that the later writers on Vimanas, wrote as observers and from earlier texts, and were understandably confused on the principle of their propulsion. The "yellowish-white liquid" sounds suspiciously like gasoline, and perhaps Vimanas had a number of different propulsion sources, including combustion engines and even "pulse-jet" engines. It is interesting to note, that the Nazis developed the first practical pulse-jet engines for their V-8 rocket "buzz bombs." Hitler and the Nazi staff were exceptionally interested in ancient India and Tibet and sent expeditions to both these places yearly, starting in the 30's, in order to gather esoteric evidence that they did so, and perhaps it was from these people that the Nazis gained some of their scientific information!</p> <p>According to the Dronaparva, part of the Mahabarata, and the Ramayana, one Vimana described was shaped like a sphere and born along at great speed on a mighty wind generated by mercury. It moved like a UFO, going up, down, backwards and forewards as the pilot desired. In another Indian source, the Samar, Vimanas were "iron machines, well-knit and smooth, with a charge of mercury that shot out of the back in the form of a roaring flame." Another work called the Samaranganasutradhara describes how the vehicles were constructed. It is possible that mercury did have something to do with the propulsion, or more possibly, with the guidance system. Curiously, Soviet scientists have discovered what they call "age-old instruments used in navigating cosmic vehicles" in caves in Turkestan and the Gobi Desert. The "devices" are hemispherical objects of glass or porcelain, ending in a cone with a drop of mercury inside.</p> <p>It is evident that ancient Indians flew around in these vehicles, all over Asia, to Atlantis presumably; and even, apparently, to South America. Writing found at Mohenjodaro in Pakistan (presumed to be one of the "Seven Rishi Cities of the Rama Empire") and still undeciphered, has also been found in one other place in the world: Easter Island! Writing on Easter Island, called Rongo-Rongo writing, is also undeciphered, and is uncannily similar to the Mohenjodaro script. Was Easter Island an air base for the Rama Empire's Vimana route? (At the Mohenjo-Daro Vimana-drome, as the passenger walks down the concourse, he hears the sweet, melodic sound of the announcer over the loudspeaker,</p> <p>"Rama Airways flight number seven for Bali, Easter Island, Nazca, and Atlantis is now ready for boarding. Passengers please proceed to gate number..") in Tibet, no small distance, and speaks of the "fiery chariot" thusly: "Bhima flew along in his car, resplendent as the sun and loud as thunder... The flying chariot shone like a flame in the night sky of summer ... it swept by like a comet... It was as if two suns were shining. Then the chariot rose up and all the heaven brightened."</p> <p>In the Mahavira of Bhavabhuti, a Jain text of the eighth century culled from older texts and traditions, we read:</p> <p><i>"An aerial chariot, the Pushpaka, conveys many people to the capital of Ayodhya. The sky is full of stupendous flying-machines, dark as night, but picked out by lights with a yellowish glare"</i></p> <p>The Vedas, ancient Hindu poems, thought to be the oldest of all the Indian texts, describe Vimanas of various shapes and sizes: the "ahnihotra-vimana" with two engines, the "elephant-vimana" with more engines, and other types named after the kingfisher, ibis and other animals.</p> <p>Unfortunately, Vimanas, like most scientific discoveries, were ultimately used for war. Atlanteans used their flying machines, "Vailixi," a similar type of aircraft, to literally try and subjugate the world, it would seem, if Indian texts are to be believed. The Atlanteans, known as "Asvins" in the Indian writings, were apparently even more advanced technologically than the Indians, and certainly of a more war-like temperment. Although no ancient texts on Atlantean Vailixi are known to exist, some information has come down through esoteric, "occult" sources which describe their flying machines. Similar, if not identical to Vimanas, Vailixi were generally "cigar shaped" and had the capability of maneuvering underwater as well as in the atmosphere or even outer space. Other vehicles, like Vimanas, were saucer shaped, and could apparently also be submerged.</p> <p>According to Eklal Kueshana, author of "The Ultimate Frontier," in an article he wrote in 1966, Vailixi were first developed in Atlantis 20,000 years ago, and the most common ones are "saucer-shaped of generally trapezoidal cross-section with three hemispherical engine pods on the underside." "They use a mechanical antigravity device driven by engines developing approximately 80,000 horse power."</p> <p>The Ramayana, Mahabarata and other texts speak of the hideous war that took place, some ten or twelve thousand years ago between Atlantis and Rama using weapons of destruction that could not be imagined by readers until the second half of this century.</p> <p>The ancient Mahabharata, one of the sources on Vimanas, goes on to tell the awesome destructiveness of the war: </p> <p><i>"...(the weapon was) a single projectile<br /> charged with all the power of the Universe.<br /> An incandescent column of smoke and flame<br /> As bright as the thousand suns rose in all its splendor... </i></p> <p><i>An iron thunderbolt,<br /> A gigantic messenger of death,<br /> Which reduced to ashes<br /> The entire race of the Vrishnis<br /> And the Andhakas.</i></p> <p><i>... the corpses were so burned<br /> As to be unrecognizable.<br /> The hair and nails fell out;<br /> Pottery broke without apparent cause,<br /> And the birds turned white.</i></p> <p><i>... After a few hours<br /> All foodstuffs were infected...<br /> ... to escape from this fire<br /> The soldiers threw themselves in streams<br /> To wash themselves and their equipment..."</i></p> <p>It would seem that the Mahabharata is describing an atomic war! References like this one are not isolated; but battles, using a fantastic array of weapons and aerial vehicles are common in all the epic Indian books. One even describes a Vimana-Vailix battle on the Moon! The above section very accurately describes what an atomic explosion would look like and the effects of the radioactivity on the population. Jumping into water is the only respite.</p> <p>When the Rishi City of Mohenjodaro was excavated by archeologists in the last century, they found skeletons just lying in the streets, some of them holding hands, as if some great doom had suddenly overtaken them. These skeletons are among the most radioactive ever found, on a par with those found at Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Ancient cities whose brick and stone walls have literally been vitrified, that is-fused together, can be found in India, Ireland, Scotland, France, Turkey and other places. There is no logical explanation for the vitrification of stone forts and cities, except from an atomic blast. Furthermore, at Mohenjo-Daro, a well planned city laid on a grid, with a plumbing system superior to those used in Pakistan and India today, the streets were littered with "black lumps of glass." These globs of glass were discovered to be clay pots that had melted under intense heat!</p> <p>With the cataclysmic sinking of Atlantis and the wiping out of Rama with atomic weapons, the world collapsed into a "stone age" of sorts, and modern history picks up a few thousand years later. Yet, it would seem that not all the Vimanas and Vailixi of Rama and Atlantis were gone. Built to last for thousands of of years, many of them would still be in use, as evidenced by Ashoka's "Nine Unknown Men" and the Lhasa manuscript.</p> <p>That secret societies or "Brotherhoods" of exceptional, "enlightened" human beings would have preserved these inventions and the knowledge of science, history, etc., does not seem surprising. Many well known historical personages including Jesus, Buddha, Lao Tzu, Confucius, Krishna, Zoroaster, Mahavira, Quetzalcoatl, Akhenaton, Moses, and more recent inventors and of course many other people who will probably remain anonymous, were probably members of such a secret organization.</p> <p>It is interesting to note that when Alexander the Great invaded India more than two thousand years ago, his historians chronicled that at one point they were attacked by "flying, fiery shields" that dove at his army and frightened the cavalry. These "flying saucers" did not use any atomic bombs or beam weapons on Alexander's army however, perhaps out of benevolence, and Alexander went on to conquer India.</p> <p>It has been suggested by many writers that these "Brotherhoods" keep some of their Vimanas and Vailixi in secret caverns in Tibet or some other place is Central Asia, and the Lop Nor Desert in western China is known to be the center of a great UFO mystery. Perhaps it is here that many of the airships are still kept, in underground bases much as the Americans, British and Soviets have built around the world in the past few decades.</p> <p>Still, not all UFO activity can be accounted for by old Vimanas making trips to the Moon for some reason. Undoubtedly, some are from the Military Governments of the world, and possibly even from other planets. Of course, many UFO sightings are "swamp, gas, clouds, hoaxes, and hallucinations, while there is considerable evidence that many UFO sightings, especially "kidnappings" and the like, are the result of what is generally called "telepathic hypnosis." One common thread that often runs between "Alien kidnappings," "sex with aliens," and other "close encounters of a third kind" is a buzzing in the ears just before the encounter. According to many well informed people, this is a sure sign of telepathic hypnosis."</p><div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/30923978-115466711792355120?l=opensenses.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>Harshad Joshihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02766836640487969440noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-30923978.post-1152549612814336352006-07-10T04:29:00.001-12:002006-11-11T08:25:23.243-12:00<h2 style="color: rgb(204, 0, 0);">A</h2> <ul><li>Ablutophobia - Fear of washing or bathing. </li><li>Acarophobia - Fear of itching or of insects whose bites cause itching. </li><li>Acerophobia - Fear of sourness. </li><li>Achluophobia, Lygophobia, Nyctophobia, Scotophobia - Fear of darkness. </li><li>Acousticophobia - Fear of noise. </li><li>Acrophobia, Altophobia - Fear of heights. </li><li>Aerophobia - Fear of drafts, air swallowing or airborne noxious substances. </li><li>Aeroacrophobia - Fear of open high places. </li><li>Aeronausiphobia - Fear of vomiting secondary to airsickness. </li><li>Agateophobia, Dementophobia, Maniaphobia - Fear of insanity. </li><li>Agliophobia, Algophobia, Odynophobia, Odynephobia - Fear of pain. </li><li>Agoraphobia - Fear of the outdoors, crowds or uncontrolled social conditions. </li><li>Agraphobia, Contreltophobia - Fear of sexual abuse. </li><li>Agrizoophobia - Fear of wild animals. </li><li>Agyrophobia, Dromophobia - Fear of streets or crossing the street. </li><li>Aibohphobia - Fear of palindromes (not necessarily an actual word; <i>aiboh</i> is not of course Greek or Latin for Palindrome, but is simply intended to make the word itself palindromic) </li><li>Aichmophobia, Belonephobia, Enetophobia - Fear of needles or pointed objects. </li><li>Ailurophobia, Elurophobia, Felinophobia, Galeophobia, Gatophobia - Fear of cats. </li><li>Albuminurophobia - Fear of kidney disease. </li><li>Alektorophobia - Fear of chickens. </li><li>Alliumphobia - the abnormal fear of garlic that may extend to a variety of plants characterized by their pungent odor including onions, leeks, chives, and shallots. Allium is the onion [[genu </li><li>Allodoxaphobia - Fear of opinions. </li><li>Amathophobia, Koniophobia - Fear of dust. </li><li>Amaxophobia - Fear of riding in a car. </li><li>Ambulophobia, Stasibasiphobia, Stasiphobia - Fear of walking or standing. </li><li>Anemophobia - Fear of air. </li><li>Amerophobia, Columbophobia - Fear of the United States, American culture, etc. </li><li>Amnesiphobia - Fear of amnesia. </li><li>Amychophobia - Fear of scratches or being scratched. </li><li>Anablephobia - Fear of looking up. </li><li>Ancraophobia, Anemophobia - Fear of wind. </li><li>Androphobia, Arrhenphobia, Hominophobia - Fear of men. </li><li>Anginophobia - Fear of angina, choking or narrowness. </li><li>Anglophobia - Fear of England, English culture, etc. </li><li>Angrophobia - Fear of anger or of becoming angry. </li><li>Ankylophobia - Fear of immobility of a joint. </li><li>Anthrophobia, Anthophobia - Fear of flowers. </li><li>Anthropophobia - Fear of people or society. </li><li>Antidaeophobia - Fear that somewhere, somehow, a duck is watching you (fictional, from Gary Larson cartoon). </li><li>Antlophobia - Fear of floods. </li><li>Anuptaphobia - Fear of staying single. </li><li>Apeirophobia - Fear of infinity. </li><li>Aphenphosmphobia, Chiraptophobia, Haphephobia, Haptephobia - Fear of being touched. </li><li>Apiphobia, Melissaphobia, Melissophobia - Fear of bees. </li><li>Apotemnophobia - Fear of persons with amputations. </li><li>Arachibutyrophobia - Fear of peanut butter sticking to the roof of the mouth. </li><li>Arachnophobia - Fear of spiders. </li><li>Arithmophobia - Fear of numbers. </li><li>Arsonphobia, Pyrophobia - Fear of fire. </li><li>Asthenophobia - Fear of fainting or weakness. </li><li>Astraphobia, Astrapophobia, Brontophobia, Keraunophobia - Fear of thunder and lightning. It is especially common in young children. </li><li>Astrophobia - Fear of stars and celestial space. </li><li>Asymmetriphobia - Fear of asymmetry. </li><li>Ataxiophobia - Fear of ataxia. </li><li>Ataxophobia - Fear of disorder or untidiness. </li><li>Atelophobia - Fear of imperfection. </li><li>Atephobia - Fear of ruin or ruins. </li><li>Athazagoraphobia - Fear of being forgotten, ignored or forgetting. </li><li>Atomosophobia - Fear of atomic explosions. </li><li>Atychiphobia, Kakorrhaphiophobia - Fear of failure. </li><li>Aulophobia - Fear of flutes. </li><li>Aurophobia - Fear of gold. </li><li>Auroraphobia - Fear of the Northern Lights or for Chileans, Argentinians, Falkland Islanders or Antarctic explorers, fear of the Southern Lights. </li><li>Australophobia, Novahollandiaphobia - Fear of Australia, Australians, Australian culture etc. </li><li>Autodysomophobia - Fear that one has a vile odour. </li><li>Automatonophobia - Fear of any inanimate object that represents a sentient being, eg. statues, dummies, robots, etc. </li><li>Automysophobia - Fear of being dirty. </li><li>Autophobia, Eremophobia, Ermitophibia, Isolophobia, Monophobia - Fear of being alone or fear of oneself. </li><li>Aviophobia, Aviatophobia, Pteromerhanophobia - Fear of flying. </li></ul> <p><a id="B" name="B"></a></p> <h2 style="color: rgb(204, 0, 0);">B</h2> <ul><li>Bacillophobia, Microbiophobia - Fear of microbes. </li><li>Bacteriophobia - Fear of bacteria. </li><li>Ballistophobia - Fear of missiles or bullets. </li><li>Barleyphobia - Fear of barley. </li><li>Bananaphobia - Fear of bananas. </li><li>Bolshephobia - Fear of Bolsheviks. </li><li>Barophobia - Fear of loss of gravity. </li><li>Basophobia, Basiphobia - Fear of walking or falling. </li><li>Bathmophobia - Fear of stairs or steep slopes. </li><li>Bathophobia - Fear of depth. </li><li>Batophobia - Fear of heights or of being close to high buildings. </li><li>Batrachophobia - Fear of amphibians. </li><li>Bibliophobia - Fear of books. </li><li>Bitchophobia - Fear of Chris Briscoe (FICTIONAL) </li><li>Blennophobia, Myxophobia - Fear of slime. </li><li>Bogyphobia - Fear of bogies or the bogeyman. </li><li>Botanophobia - Fear of plants. </li><li>Briophobia- Fear of the human foot. </li><li>Bromidrosiphobia, Bromidrophobia - Fear of body odours. </li><li>Brontophobia, Tonitrophobia - Fear of thunder. </li><li>Bufonophobia - Fear of toads. </li></ul> <p><a id="C" name="C"></a></p> <h2 style="color: rgb(204, 0, 0);">C</h2> <ul><li>Cacophobia - Fear of ugliness. </li><li>Cainophobia, Cainotophobia, Cenophobia, Centophobia, Kainolophobia, Kainophobia, Neophobia - Fear of newness, novelty. </li><li>Caligynephobia, Venustraphobia - Fear of beautiful women. </li><li>Cancerophobia, Carcinophobia - Fear of cancer. </li><li>Carbophobia - Fear of carbohydrates (e.g. Atkins diet). </li><li>Cardiophobia - Fear of heart disease. </li><li>Carnophobia - Fear of meat. </li><li>Catagelophobia, Katagelophobia - Fear of being ridiculed. </li><li>Catapedaphobia - Fear of jumping from high and low places. </li><li>Cathisophobia, Kathisophobia, Thaasophobia - Fear of sitting. </li><li>Catoptrophobia - Fear of mirrors. </li><li>Cenophobia - Fear of empty rooms. </li><li>Chaetophobia, Trichopathophobia, Trichophobia, Hypertrichophobia - Fear of hair. </li><li>Cheimaphobia, Cheimatophobia, Psychrophobia - Fear of cold. </li><li>Chemophobia - Fear of chemicals or working with chemicals. </li><li>Cherophobia - Fear of gaiety. </li><li>Chinophobia - Fear of Chinese people, customs, etc. </li><li>Chionophobia - Fear of snow. </li><li>Chirophobia - Fear of hands. </li><li>Chlorophobia - Fear of the colour green. </li><li>Cholerophobia - Fear of anger or the fear of cholera. </li><li>Chorophobia - Fear of dancing. </li><li>Christophobia - Fear of Christianity </li><li>Chrometophobia, Chrematophobia - Fear of money. </li><li>Chromophobia, Chromatophobia - Fear of colours. </li><li>Chronomentrophobia - Fear of clocks. </li><li>Chronophobia - Fear of time. </li><li>Chrysophobia - Fear or the color orange. </li><li>Cibophobia, Sitophobia, Sitiophobia - Fear of food. </li><li>Cleithrophobia, Cleisiophobia - Fear of being locked in an enclosed place. </li><li>Cleptophobia, Kleptophobia - Fear of stealing. </li><li>Clithrophobia, Cleithrophobia - Fear of being enclosed. </li><li>Cnidophobia - Fear of stings. </li><li>Coimetrophobia - Fear of cemeteries. </li><li>Coitophobia, Genophobia - Fear of coitus. </li><li>Cometophobia - Fear of comets. </li><li>Coprastasophobia - Fear of constipation. </li><li>Coprophobia, Scatophobia - Fear of feces. </li><li>Coulrophobia - Fear of clowns. </li><li>Counterphobia - The preference by a phobic person for fearful situations. </li><li>Cremnophobia - Fear of precipices. </li><li>Cryophobia - Fear of extreme cold, ice or frost. </li><li>Crystallophobia - Fear of crystals or glass. </li><li>Cyanophobia - Fear of the colour blue. </li><li>Cyberphobia, Logizomechanophobia - Fear of computers or working on a computer. </li><li>Cyclophobia - Fear of bicycles. </li><li>Cymophobia, Kymophobia - Fear of waves or wave-like motions. </li><li>Cynophobia - Fear of dogs or rabies. </li><li>Cypridophobia, Cypriphobia, Cyprianophobia, Cyprinophobia - Fear of prostitutes or venereal disease. </li><li>Claustrophobia - Fear of confined spaces. </li><li>Climacophobia - Fear of stairs or of climbing or falling down stairs. </li><li>Clinophobia - Fear of going to bed. </li></ul> <p><a id="D" name="D"></a></p> <h2 style="color: rgb(204, 0, 0);">D</h2> <ul><li>Decidophobia - Fear of making decisions. </li><li>Defecaloesiophobia - Fear of painful bowel movements. </li><li>Deipnophobia - Fear of dining or dinner conversations. </li><li>Demonophobia, Daemonophobia - Fear of demons. </li><li>Demophobia, Enochlophobia, Ochlophobia - Fear of crowds. </li><li>Dendrophobia - Fear of trees. </li><li>Dentophobia - Fear of dentists. </li><li>Dermatophobia - Fear of skin lesions. </li><li>Dermatosiophobia, Dermatophobia, Dermatopathophobia - Fear of skin disease. </li><li>Dextrophobia - Fear of objects at the right side of the body. </li><li>Diabetophobia - Fear of diabetes. </li><li>Didaskaleinophobia, Scolionophobia - Fear of going to school. </li><li>Dikephobia - Fear of justice. </li><li>Dinophobia - Fear of dizziness or whirlpools. </li><li>Diplophobia - Fear of double vision. </li><li>Dipsophobia - Fear of drinking. </li><li>Dishabiliophobia - Fear of undressing in front of someone. </li><li>Domatophobia, Eicophobia, Oikophobia - Fear of houses or being in a house. </li><li>Doraphobia - Fear of fur or the skins of animals. </li><li>Doxophobia - Fear of expressing opinions or receiving praise. </li><li>Dutchphobia - Fear of the Dutch. </li><li>Dysmorphophobia - Fear of deformity. </li><li>Dystychiphobia - Fear of accidents. </li></ul> <p><a id="E" name="E"></a></p> <h2 style="color: rgb(204, 0, 0);">E</h2> <ul><li>Ecclesiophobia - Fear of church. </li><li>Ecophobia - Fear of home. </li><li>Editophobia - Fear of being edited or deleted (this entry suffers!). </li><li>Eisoptrophobia - Fear of mirrors or of seeing oneself in a mirror. </li><li>Electrophobia - Fear of electricity. </li><li>Eleutherophobia - Fear of freedom. </li><li>Emetophobia - Fear of vomiting. </li><li>Enetophobia - Fear of pins. </li><li>Enosiophobia, Enissophobia - Fear of having committed an unpardonable sin or of criticism. </li><li>Entomophobia, Insectophobia - Fear of insects. </li><li>Eosophobia - Fear of dawn or daylight. </li><li>Ephebiphobia - Fear of teenagers. </li><li>Epistaxiophobia - Fear of nosebleeds. </li><li>Epistemophobia, Gnosiophobia - Fear of knowledge. </li><li>Epistolophobia - Fear of writing letters </li><li>Equinophobia, Hippophobia - Fear of horses. </li><li>Ereuthrophobia, Erythrophobia, Erytophobia - Fear of blushing, red lights, or the colour red. </li><li>Ergasiophobia - Fear of work or functioning, or a surgeon's fear of operating. </li><li>Ergophobia - Fear of work. </li><li>Ermitophobia - Fear of being alone, loneliness. </li><li>Erotophobia - Fear of sexual love or sexual questions. </li><li>Erythrophobia - Fear of blushing or the color red. </li><li>Euphobia - Fear of hearing good news. </li><li>Eurotophobia - Fear of female genitalia. </li><li>Europhobia - Fear of Europe, Europeans, or alternatively, the European Union. </li></ul> <p><a id="F" name="F"></a></p> <h2 style="color: rgb(204, 0, 0);">F</h2> <ul><li>----aphobia, ---- of the word ---- </li><li>Fearaphobia, Fearophobia - fear of developing fears </li><li>Febriphobia, Fibriphobia, Fibriophobia, Pyrexiophobia - Fear of fever. </li><li>Ferrumphobia - Fear of Iron and objects made of iron. </li><li>Francophobia, Gallophobia, Galiophobia - Fear of France, French culture, etc. </li><li>Frigophobia - Fear of very cold objects. </li></ul> <p><a id="G" name="G"></a></p> <h2 style="color: rgb(204, 0, 0);">G</h2> <ul><li>Gamophobia - Fear of marriage. </li><li>Gatophobia - Fear of cats. </li><li>Geliophobia - Fear of laughter. </li><li>Geniophobia - Fear of chins. </li><li>Genuphobia - Fear of knees. </li><li>Gephyrophobia, Gephydrophobia, Gephyrdrophobia, Gephysrophobia - Fear of crossing bridges. </li><li>Germanophobia, Teutophobia - Fear of Germany, German culture, etc. </li><li>Gerascophobia - Fear of growing old. </li><li>Gerontophobia - Fear of old people or of growing old. </li><li>Geumaphobia, Geumophobia - Fear of taste. </li><li>Glossophobia - Fear of speaking in public or of trying to speak. </li><li>Globophobia - Fear of balloons </li><li>Graphophobia - Fear of writing or handwriting. </li><li>Gymnophobia, Nudophobia - Fear of nudity. </li><li>Gynephobia, Gynophobia - Fear of women. </li></ul> <p><a id="H" name="H"></a></p> <h2 style="color: rgb(204, 0, 0);">H</h2> <ul><li>Hadephobia, Stygiophobia, Stigiophobia - Fear of hell. </li><li>Haemophobia - Fear of blood and bleeding. </li><li>Hagiophobia - Fear of saints or holy things. </li><li>Hamartophobia, Peccatophobia - Fear of sinning. </li><li>Haptophobia - Fear of being touched. </li><li>Harpaxophobia - Fear of being robbed. </li><li>Hedonophobia - Fear of feeling pleasure. </li><li>Hegelophobia - Fear of Hegel. </li><li>Heliophobia - Fear of the sun. </li><li>Hellenologophobia - Fear of Greek terms or complex scientific terminology. </li><li>Helminthophobia - Fear of being infested with worms. </li><li>Hemophobia, Hemaphobia, Hematophobia - Fear of blood or bleeding. </li><li>Heresyphobia, Hereiophobia - Fear of challenges to official doctrine or of radical deviation. </li><li>Herpetophobia - Fear of reptiles. </li><li>Heterophobia, Sexophobia - Fear of the opposite sex. </li><li>Hexakosioihexekontahexaphobia - Fear of the number 666. </li><li>Hierophobia - Fear of priests or sacred things. </li><li>Hippophobia - Fear of horses. </li><li>Hippopotomonstrosesquippedaliophobia, Sesquipedalophobia - Fear of long words. </li><li>Hobophobia - Fear of bums or beggars. </li><li>Hodophobia - Fear of road travel. </li><li>Hormephobia - Fear of shock. </li><li>Homichlophobia, Nebulaphobia - Fear of fog. </li><li>Homilophobia - Fear of sermons. </li><li>Homophobia - Fear of sameness, monotony, homosexuality or of becoming homosexual. </li><li>Hoplophobia - Fear of firearms. </li><li>Hydrargyophobia - Fear of mercurial medicines. </li><li>Hydrophobia - Fear of water, a symptom of rabies. </li><li>Hydrophobophobia, Kynophobia - Fear of rabies. </li><li>Hyelophobia, Hyalophobia, Nelophobia - Fear of glass. </li><li>Hygrophobia - Fear of liquids, dampness, or moisture. </li><li>Hylephobia - Fear of materialism or the fear of epilepsy. </li><li>Hylophobia - Fear of forests. </li><li>Hypegiaphobia - Fear of responsibility. </li><li>Hypengyophobia - Fear of responsibility. </li><li>Hypnophobia - Fear of sleep or of being hypnotized. </li><li>Hypsiphobia - Fear of height. </li></ul> <p><a id="I" name="I"></a></p> <h2 style="color: rgb(204, 0, 0);">I</h2> <ul><li>Iatrophobia - Fear of going to the doctor or of doctors. </li><li>Ichthyophobia - Fear of fish. </li><li>Iconophobia - Fear of images or icons. </li><li>Ideophobia - Fear of ideas. </li><li>Illyngophobia - Fear of vertigo. </li><li>Insulaphobia - Fear of being isolated, or alternatively, fear of islands </li><li>Islamophobia - Fear of Islam. </li><li>Islandophobia - Fear of Iceland, Icelandic culture, etc. </li><li>Isopterophobia - Fear of termites or other insects that eat wood. </li><li>Ithyphallophobia - Fear of seeing, thinking about or having an erect penis. </li></ul> <p><a id="J" name="J"></a></p> <h2 style="color: rgb(204, 0, 0);">J</h2> <ul><li>Japanophobia, Nipponophobia - Fear of the Japanese. </li><li>Judeophobia - Fear of Jews. </li></ul> <p><a id="K" name="K"></a></p> <h2 style="color: rgb(204, 0, 0);">K</h2> <ul><li>Katikomindicaphobia - Fear of the RNI (Resident Non-Indian). </li><li>Kenophobia - Fear of voids or empty spaces. </li><li>Keraunophobia - Fear of lightning. </li><li>Kinetophobia, Kinesophobia - Fear of movement or motion. </li><li>Klismaphobia - Fear of Enemas. </li><li>Kneemaphobia - Fear of the knee bending backwards. </li><li>Koinoniphobia - Fear of rooms. </li><li>Kolpophobia - Fear of genitals, particularly female. </li><li>Kopophobia - Fear of fatigue. </li><li>Kosmikophobia - Fear of cosmic phenomena. </li><li>Kyphophobia - Fear of stooping. </li></ul> <p><a id="L" name="L"></a></p> <h2 style="color: rgb(204, 0, 0);">L</h2> <p><br /></p> <ul><li>Lachanophobia - Fear of vegetables. </li><li>Laliophobia, Lalophobia - Fear of speaking. </li><li>Leprophobia, Lepraphobia - Fear of leprosy. </li><li>Leukophobia - Fear of the colour white. </li><li>Levophobia - Fear of things to the left side of the body. </li><li>Librophobia - Fear of having to balance. </li><li>Ligyrophobia - Fear of loud noises. </li><li>Lilapsophobia - Fear of tornadoes and hurricanes. </li><li>Limnophobia - Fear of lakes. </li><li>Linonophobia - Fear of string. </li><li>Liticaphobia - Fear of lawsuits. </li><li>Lockiophobia, Maieusiophobia, Parturiphobia - Fear of childbirth. </li><li>Logophobia - Fear of words. </li><li>Luiphobia, Syphilophobia - Fear of syphilis. </li><li>Lutraphobia - Fear of otters. </li><li>Lyssophobia - Fear of rabies or of becoming insane. </li></ul> <p><a id="M" name="M"></a></p> <h2 style="color: rgb(204, 0, 0);">M</h2> <ul><li>Macroxenoglossophobia - Fear of long, strange words. </li><li>Macrophobia - Fear of long waits. </li><li>Mageirocophobia - Fear of cooking. </li><li>Malaxophobia, Sarmassophobia - Fear of love play. </li><li>Maniaphobia - Fear of going insane. </li><li>Mastigophobia, Poinephobia - Fear of punishment. </li><li>Mechanophobia - Fear of machines. </li><li>Medomalacuphobia - Fear of losing an erection. </li><li>Medorthophobia - Fear of an erect penis. </li><li>Megalophobia - Fear of large objects. </li><li>Melanophobia - Fear of the colour black. </li><li>Melophobia - Fear or hatred of music. </li><li>Meningitophobia - Fear of a masterbation disease. </li><li>Menophobia - Fear of menstruation. </li><li>Merinthophobia - Fear of being bound or tied up. </li><li>Metallophobia - Fear of metal. </li><li>Metathesiophobia - Fear of changes. </li><li>Meteorophobia - Fear of meteors. </li><li>Methyphobia, Potophobia - Fear of alcohol. </li><li>Metrophobia - Fear or hatred of poetry. </li><li>Mikatikoindicaphobia - Fear of the NRIs (Non-Resident Indians). </li><li>Microphobia, Mycrophobia - Fear of small objects. </li><li>Misophobia, Molysmophobia, Molysomophobia, Mysophobia, Verminophobia - Fear of being contaminated with dirt or germs. </li><li>Mnemophobia - Fear of memories. </li><li>Monophobia - Fear of being alone, or of feeling alone. </li><li>Monopathophobia - Fear of a specific disease. </li><li>Motorphobia - Fear of automobiles. </li><li>Mottephobia - Fear of moths. </li><li>Musicophobia - Fear of music. </li><li>Musophobia, Murophobia, Suriphobia - Fear of mice and/or rats. </li><li>Mycophobia - Fear or aversion to mushrooms. </li><li>Myrmecophobia - Fear of ants. </li><li>Mysophobia - Fear of dirt. </li><li>Mythophobia - Fear of myths, stories or false statements. </li></ul> <p><a id="N" name="N"></a></p> <h2 style="color: rgb(204, 0, 0);">N</h2> <ul><li>Necrophobia - Fear of death or dead things. </li><li>Neopharmaphobia - Fear of new drugs. </li><li>Neophobia - Fear of the new. </li><li>Nephophobia - Fear of clouds. </li><li>Nihilophobia - Fear of (absolutely) nothing. </li><li>Noctiphobia - Fear of the night. </li><li>Nomatophobia - Fear of names. </li><li>Nosocomephobia - Fear of hospitals. </li><li>Nosophobia, Nosemaphobia - Fear of becoming ill. </li><li>Nostophobia - Fear of returning home. </li><li>Novercaphobia - Fear of one's stepmother. </li><li>Nucleomituphobia - Fear of nuclear weapons. </li><li>Numerophobia - Fear of numbers. </li><li>Nyctohylophobia - Fear of dark, wooded areas. </li><li>Nyctophobia - Fear of the dark, of night or of nightfall. </li><li>Nhsdirectophobia - fear and loathing of slow computer terminal death </li></ul> <p><a id="O" name="O"></a></p> <h2 style="color: rgb(204, 0, 0);">O</h2> <ul><li>Obesophobia, Pocrescophobia - Fear of gaining weight. </li><li>Ochophobia - Fear of vehicles. </li><li>Octophobia - Fear of the figure 8. </li><li>Odontophobia - Fear of teeth or dental surgery. </li><li>Oenophobia - Fear of wine. </li><li>Olfactophobia, Osmophobia, Osphresiophobia - Fear of smells. </li><li>Ombrophobia, Pluviophobia - Fear of rain or of being rained on. </li><li>Ommetaphobia, Ommatophobia - Fear of eyes. </li><li>Oneirophobia - Fear of dreams. </li><li>Oneirogmophobia - Fear of wet dreams. </li><li>Onomatophobia - Fear of hearing certain words or names. </li><li>Ophidiophobia - Fear of snakes. </li><li>Ophthalmophobia - Fear of being stared at. </li><li>Opiophobia - A medical doctor's fear of prescribing pain medications for patients. </li><li>Optophobia - Fear of opening one's eyes. </li><li>Ornithophobia - Fear of birds. </li><li>Orthophobia - Fear of property. </li><li>Ostraconophobia - Fear of shellfish. </li><li>Ouranophobia, Uranophobia - Fear of heaven. </li></ul> <p><a id="P" name="P"></a></p> <h2 style="color: rgb(204, 0, 0);">P</h2> <ul><li>Pagophobia - Fear of ice or frost. </li><li>Panthophobia - Fear of suffering and disease. </li><li>Panophobia, Pantophobia - Fear of everything. </li><li>Papaphobia - Fear of the Pope. </li><li>Papyrophobia - Fear of paper. </li><li>Paralipophobia - Fear of neglecting duty or responsibility. </li><li>Paraphobia - Fear of sexual perversion. </li><li>Parasitophobia - Fear of parasites. </li><li>Paraskavedekatriaphobia - Fear of Friday the 13th. </li><li>Parthenophobia - Fear of virgins or young girls. </li><li>Pathophobia - Fear of disease. </li><li>Patroiophobia - Fear of heredity. </li><li>Pediculophobia, Phthiriophobia - Fear of lice. </li><li>Pediophobia - Fear of dolls. </li><li>Pediphobia, Pedophobia - Fear of children. </li><li>Peladophobia - Fear of bald people. </li><li>Pellagrophobia - Fear of pellagra. </li><li>Peniaphobia - Fear of poverty. </li><li>Pentheraphobia - Fear of one's mother-in-law. </li><li>Phagophobia - Fear of swallowing, eating or of being eaten. </li><li>Phalacrophobia - Fear of becoming bald. </li><li>Phallophobia - Fear of a penis, esp. erect. </li><li>Pharmacophobia - Fear of taking medicine. </li><li>Phasmophobia, Spectrophobia - Fear of ghosts. </li><li>Phengophobia - Fear of daylight or sunshine. </li><li>Philemaphobia, Philematophobia - Fear of kissing. </li><li>Philophobia - Fear of falling in love or being in love. </li><li>Philosophobia - Fear of philosophy. </li><li>Phobophobia - Fear of phobias. </li><li>Photoaugliaphobia - Fear of glaring lights. </li><li>Photophobia - Fear of light (also refers to aversion to light due to an inflamed/painful eye or excessively dilated pupils) </li><li>Phonophobia - Fear of noises, voices, one's own voice or of telephones. </li><li>Phronemophobia - Fear of thinking. </li><li>Phthisiophobia, Tuberculophobia - Fear of tuberculosis. </li><li>Placophobia - Fear of tombstones. </li><li>Plutophobia - Fear of wealth. </li><li>Pneumatiphobia - Fear of spirits. </li><li>Pnigophobia, Pnigerophobia - Fear of choking or being smothered. </li><li>Pnumonomicroscopicsilicovolcanocoviosophobia - Fear of a lung desease caused by coal dust </li><li>Pogonophobia, Pognophobia - Fear of beards. </li><li>Poliosophobia - Fear of contracting poliomyelitis. </li><li>Politicophobia - Fear or abnormal dislike of politicians. </li><li>Polyphobia - Having many phobias. </li><li>Ponophobia - Fear of overworking or of pain. </li><li>Porphyrophobia - Fear of the colour purple. </li><li>Potamophobia - Fear of rivers or running water. </li><li>Pharmacophobia - Fear of drugs. </li><li>Proctophobia, Rectophobia - Fear of the rectum or of rectal diseases. </li><li>Prosophobia - Fear of progress. </li><li>Psellismophobia - Fear of stuttering. </li><li>Psychophobia - Fear of the mind. </li><li>Pteronophobia - Fear of being tickled by feathers. </li><li>Pupaphobia - Fear of puppets. </li><li>Pyrophobia - Fear of fire. </li></ul> <p><a id="Q" name="Q"></a></p> <h2 style="color: rgb(204, 0, 0);">Q</h2> <ul><li>Quadraphobia - Fear of quartets or of being drawn and quartered </li><li>Quadrataphobia - Fear of quadratic equations </li></ul> <p><a id="R" name="R"></a></p> <h2 style="color: rgb(204, 0, 0);">R</h2> <ul><li>Radiophobia - Fear of radiation or X-rays. </li><li>Ranidaphobia - Fear of frogs. </li><li>Retterophobia - Fear of wrongly chosen letters. </li><li>Rhabdophobia - Fear of being severely punished or beaten with a rod, or of being severely criticized. Also fear of magic. </li><li>Rhinophobia - Fear of noses. </li><li>Rhodophobia - Fear of the colour red. </li><li>Rhypophobia - Fear of defecation. </li><li>Rhytiphobia - Fear of getting wrinkles. </li><li>Rupophobia - Fear of dirt. </li><li>Russophobia - Hatred of Russians. </li></ul> <p><a id="S" name="S"></a></p> <h2 style="color: rgb(204, 0, 0);">S</h2> <ul><li>Samhainophobia - Fear of Halloween. </li><li>Satanophobia, Orcusophobia - Fear of Satan. </li><li>Scabiophobia - Fear of scabies. </li><li>Scelerophibia - Fear of bad men, burglars. </li><li>Sciophobia, Sciaphobia - Fear of shadows. </li><li>Scoleciphobia, Vermiphobia - Fear of worms. </li><li>Scopophobia, Scoptophobia - Fear of being seen or stared at. </li><li>Scotomaphobia - Fear of blindness in visual field. </li><li>Scriptophobia - Fear of writing in public. </li><li>Sedatephobia - Fear of silence. </li><li>Selachophobia - Fear of sharks. </li><li>Selaphobia - Fear of light flashes. </li><li>Selenophobia - Fear of the moon. </li><li>Seplophobia - Fear of decaying matter. </li><li>Sesquipedalophobia - Fear of long words. </li><li>Siderodromophobia - Fear of trains, railroads or train travel. </li><li>Siderophobia - Fear of stars. </li><li>Sinistrophobia - Fear of things to the left of oneself. </li><li>Sinophobia - Fear of the Chinese, Chinese culture, etc. </li><li>Soceraphobia - Fear of parents-in-law. </li><li>Social Phobia - Fear of being evaluated negatively in social situations. </li><li>Sociophobia - Fear of society or people in general. </li><li>Somniphobia - Fear of sleep. </li><li>Sophophobia - Fear of learning. </li><li>Soteriophobia - Fear of dependence on others. </li><li>Spacephobia - Fear of outer space. </li><li>Spectrophobia - Fear of mirrors. </li><li>Spermatophobia or Spermophobia - Fear of sperm. </li><li>Spheksophobia - Fear of wasps. </li><li>Staurophobia - Fear of crosses or crucifixes. </li><li>Stenophobia - Fear of narrow things or places. </li><li>Suriphobia - Fear of mice. </li><li>Symbolophobia - Fear of symbolism. </li><li>Symmetrophobia - Fear of symmetry. </li><li>Syngenesophobia - Fear of relatives. </li><li>Syphiliphobia - Fear of syphilis. </li></ul> <p><a id="T" name="T"></a></p> <h2 style="color: rgb(204, 0, 0);">T</h2> <ul><li>Tachophobia - Fear of speed. </li><li>Taeniophobia, Teniophobia - Fear of tapeworms. </li><li>Taphephobia, Taphophobia - Fear of being buried alive or of cemeteries. </li><li>Tapinophobia - Fear of being contagious. </li><li>Taurophobia - Fear of bulls. </li><li>Technophobia - Fear of technology. </li><li>Teleophobia - Fear of definite plans or of religious ceremony. </li><li>Telephonophobia - Fear of telephones. </li><li>Teratophobia - Fear of bearing a deformed child, of monsters or of deformed people. </li><li>Teratrophobia - Fear of monsters. </li><li>Testophobia - Fear of taking tests. </li><li>Tetanophobia - Fear of tetanus, lockjaw. </li><li>Textophobia - Fear of certain fabrics. </li><li>Thalassophobia - Fear of the sea. </li><li>Thanatophobia, Thantophobia - Fear of death or dying. </li><li>Theatrophobia - Fear of theatres. </li><li>Theologicophobia - Fear of theology. </li><li>Theophobia - Fear of gods or religion. </li><li>Thermophobia - Fear of heat. </li><li>Tocophobia - Fear of pregnancy or childbirth. </li><li>Tomophobia - Fear of surgical operations. </li><li>Tonsurephobia - Fear of haircuts. </li><li>Topophobia - Fear of certain places or situations, such as stage fright. </li><li>Toxiphobia, Toxophobia, Toxicophobia - Fear of poison or of being accidentally poisoned. </li><li>Traumatophobia - Fear of injury. </li><li>Tremophobia - Fear of trembling. </li><li>Trichinophobia - Fear of trichinosis. </li><li>Triskaidekaphobia - Fear of the number 13. Having a superstition. </li><li>Tropophobia - Fear of moving or making changes. </li><li>Trypanophobia - Fear of injections. </li><li>Tyrannophobia - Fear of tyrants. </li></ul> <p><a id="U" name="U"></a></p> <h2 style="color: rgb(204, 0, 0);">U</h2> <ul><li>Uranophobia - Fear of the heavens. </li><li>Urophobia - Fear of urine or urinating. </li></ul> <p><a id="V" name="V"></a></p> <h2 style="color: rgb(204, 0, 0);">V</h2> <ul><li>Vaccinophobia - Fear of vaccination. </li><li>Venustraphobia - Fear of beautiful women. </li><li>Verbophobia - Fear of words. </li><li>Vestiphobia - Fear of clothing. </li><li>Virginitiphobia - Fear of rape. </li><li>Vitricophobia - Fear of one's stepfather. </li></ul> <p><a id="W" name="W"></a></p> <h2 style="color: rgb(204, 0, 0);">W</h2> <ul><li>Walloonphobia - Fear of the Walloon people or their languages. </li><li>Wiccaphobia - Fear of witches and witchcraft. </li></ul> <p><a id="X" name="X"></a></p> <h2 style="color: rgb(204, 0, 0);">X</h2> <ul><li>Xanthophobia - Fear of the colour yellow or the word yellow. </li><li>Xenoglossophobia - Fear of foreign languages. </li><li>Xenophobia - Fear of strangers or foreigners. </li><li>Xerophobia - Fear of dryness. </li><li>Xylophobia - Fear of wooden objects or fear of forests. </li><li>Xyrophobia - Fear of razors. </li></ul> <p><a id="Y" name="Y"></a></p> <h2 style="color: rgb(204, 0, 0);">Y</h2> <ul><li>Ymophobia - Fear of contrariety. </li></ul><div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/30923978-115254961281433635?l=opensenses.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>Harshad Joshihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02766836640487969440noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-30923978.post-1152549559368559532006-07-10T04:29:00.000-12:002006-08-05T20:08:49.900-12:00<p>The term phobia, which comes from the Ancient Greek word for fear (f?ß??, fobos), denotes a number of psychological and physiological conditions that can range from serious disabilities to common fears to minor quirks.</p> <p>Phobias are the most common form of anxiety disorder. An American study by the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) found that between 5.1 and 21.5 percent of Americans suffer from phobias. Broken down by age and gender, the study found that phobias were the most common mental illness among women in all age groups and the second most common illness among men older than 25.</p> <h2 style="color: rgb(153, 0, 0);">Understanding and classifying phobias<br /><a id="type" name="type"></a>Most psychologists and psychiatrists divide phobias into three categories:</h2> <p><strong>Social phobias -</strong> fears to do with other people and social relationships such as performance anxiety, fears of eating in public etc.<br />Specific phobias - fear of a single specific panic trigger, like dogs, flying, running water and so on.<br /><strong>Agoraphobia -</strong> a generalised fear of leaving your home or your small familiar 'safe' area, and of the inevitable panic attacks that will follow. Agoraphobia is the only phobia regularly treated as a medical condition.<br />Many specific phobias, such as fears of dogs, heights, spider bites, and so forth, are extensions of fears that everyone has. People with these phobias treat them by avoiding the thing they fear.</p> <p>Many specific phobias can be traced back to a specific triggering event, usually a traumatic experience at an early age. Social phobias and agoraphobia have more complex causes that are not entirely known at this time. It is believed that heredity, genetics and brain-chemistry combine with life-experiences to play a major role in the development of anxiety disorders and phobias.</p> <p>Phobias vary in severity among individuals, with some phobics simply disliking or avoiding the subject of their fear and suffering mild anxiety. Others suffer fully-fledged panic attacks with all the associated disabling symptoms.</p> <p>It is possible for a sufferer to become phobic about virtually anything. The name of a phobia generally contains a Greek word for what the patient fears plus the suffix -phobia. Creating these terms is something of a word game. Few of these terms are found in medical literature.</p> <h2 style="color: rgb(153, 0, 0);"><br />Common phobias include:</h2> <p><strong>Arachnophobia</strong> - Fear of spiders.<br /><strong>Anthrophobia</strong> - Fear of people or society<br /><strong>Aerophobia </strong>- Fear of drafts, air swallowing or airborne noxious substances.<br /><strong>Agoraphobia</strong> - Fear of the outdoors, crowds or uncontrolled social conditions.<br /><strong>Claustrophobia</strong> - Fear of confined spaces.<br /><strong>Acrophobia </strong>- Fear of heights.<br /><strong>Cancerophobia </strong>- Fear of cancer.<br /><strong>Astraphobia</strong> - Fear of thunder and lightning.<br /><strong>Necrophobia</strong> - Fear of death or dead things.<br /><strong>Cardiophobia</strong> - Fear of heart disease.<br /><strong>Dental phobia</strong> - Fear of dentists, dental surgery, or teeth.<br /><strong>Pornophobia</strong> - Fear of pornographic material<br /></p> <p><br /><strong><a id="treat" name="treat"></a>Treatment</strong><br />Some therapists use virtual reality to desensitize patients to the feared thing. Other forms of therapy that may be of benefit to phobics are graduated exposure therapy and cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT). Anti-anxiety medication can also be of assistance in some cases. Most phobics understand that they are suffering from an irrational fear, but are powerless to override their initial panic reaction.</p> <p>Graduated Exposure and CBT both work towards the goal of desensitising the sufferer, and changing the thought patterns that are contributing to their panic. Gradual desensitisation treatment and CBT are often extremely successful, provided the phobic is willing to endure some discomfort and to make a continuous effort over a long period of time. Practitioners of neuro-linguistic programming (NLP) claim to have a procedure that can be used to alleviate most specific phobias in a single therapeutic session, though this has not yet been verified scientifically.</p> <p><br /><strong>Non-clinical uses of the term</strong><br />In some cases, a fear or hatred is not considered a phobia in the clinical sense because it is believed to be only a symptom of other psychological problems, or the result of ignorance, or of political or social beliefs. These are phobias in a more general, popular sense of the word:</p> <p><strong>Afrophobia,</strong> fear or dislike of Africans or African culture or people of African ancestry </p> <p><br /><strong>Islamophobia,</strong> fear or dislike of Muslims or Islamic culture </p> <p><br /><strong>Homophobia,</strong> fear or dislike of homosexual people </p> <p><br /><strong>Xenophobia,</strong> fear or dislike of strangers or the unknown, often used to describe nationalistic political beliefs and movements </p> <p><br />Furthermore, the term <strong>hydrophobia</strong>, or fear of water, is usually not a psychological condition at all, but another term for the disease rabies, referring to a common symptom. Likewise photophobia, is a physical complaint, aversion to light due to an inflamed or painful eye or excessively dilated pupils).</p> <p>The opposite of the suffix -phobia is a -philia or -philie (meaning "love of").</p><div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/30923978-115254955936855953?l=opensenses.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>Harshad Joshihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02766836640487969440noreply@blogger.com0